看向世界SpotWorld: Malaysia Economy Subject Simple Note

OPERATION MANAGEMENT NOTE

Role of operations
	Material and service input		Worker / manager / equipment / facilities / material / land / energy
	Product and service output		Goods / services
	Sales and revenue		Return of investment
Nested processes
	Concept of process in another process
Types of strategy
	Operations strategy		Few function / daily running / short term
	Corporate strategy		overall function / long term
Market analysis
	Understanding what the customer wants and how to provide it		Market segmentation / needs assessment
Component of competitive
	Competitive priorities		The arrangement of process to satisfy its internal and external customer now or in future
	Competitive capabilities		Cost / quality / time / flexibility / capacity / Customization / variety / delivery speed and so on.
Component of order
	Order winners		Customer use to differentiate the service or products of one firm 是指企业的产品或服务区别于其它企业，从而赢得订单的
	Order qualifier		Minimum level required from a set of criteria to do business in market segment. 是允许企业或其产品参与市场竞争的资格筛选标准
Strategic decisions
	Design of goods and service		N/A
	Managing quality
	Process and capacity design
	Location strategy
	Layout strategy
	Human resources and job design
	Supply chain management
	Inventory management
	Scheduling
	maintenance

Forecasting time horizons
	Short range forecast		Under 1 year (such as purchasing, job scheduling, workforce levels, production levels.)
	Medium range forecast		3 months to 3 year (sales and production planning, budgeting)
	Long range forecast		3 year (product planning, facility location, research and development)

Product life cycle
	Introduction		Increase market share / R&D
	Growth		practical to change price or image /strengthen niche
	Maturity		Fix image, price and quality / defend market position.
	decline		Cost control critical
Forecasts target
	Economic forecasts		Business cycle (inflation rate, money supply…)
	Technological forecasts		Impact of Development of new products
	Demand forecasts		Predict Sales of product or services

Type of forecasting
	Time-series forecasting (component)		Forecast based on past value，repeated observations
			Horizontal / trends / seasonal / cyclical (business cycle, political…)/ random
Forecasts technique
	Judgement method
	Causal methods
	Time-series analysis		Horizontal patterns: Simple moving average / weighted moving average / exponential smoothing Naïve forecast Next period =current period DD
	Trend projection using regression

Generating new products
	Understanding the customer
	Identify change		Economic / sociological / demographic / technological / political / legal
	Market practice / professional / standards / suppliers / distributors

Product strategy options
	Differentiation		E.g. Shouldice Hospital
	Low cost		E.g. Taco bell
	Rapid response		E.g. Toyota

Issues for product design
	Robust design
	Modular design
	Computer-aided design (CAD)		Extension such as 3D object modeling, printing
	Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
	Virtual reality technology
	Value analysis
	Sustainability and life cycle assessment (LCA)

Capacity options
	Changing inventory levels
	Varying workforce size
	Varying production rates
	Subcontracting
	Using part-time workers

Utilization
Formula			Formula
Tools for capacity planning
	Waiting-line models		Useful in high customer-contact processes
	Simulation		Useful when models too complex
	Decision trees		Useful when demand is uncertain.
Product development continuum
	Purchasing technology
	Joint ventures
	alliances

Product documents
	Engineering drawing
	Bill of material


Competitive priorities
	Company decide which element to focus first than other or ignore which element first.

Cross docking
	From receive goods, go through the classification and loading into transportation.		Decrease the step or procedures, cost, and time usage. For example, on or down from shelf storage
Total quality management
	Achieving high levels of process performance and quality		Customer satisfaction / employee involvement / continuous improvement in performance
	Concept of Total quality management		Continuous improvement / six sigma / employee empowerment / benchmarking / just in time / taguchi concepts / knowledge of TQM tools
Six Sigma
	3.4 Defect per million opportunities
	Define-measures-analyzes-improve-control
PDCA Model
	Plan-Do-check-Act
Just in time (JIT)
	Pull system of production scheduling
	Allow reduced inventory level
	Encourage improve process and quality

Taguchi concepts
	Design methods to improve product and process		By identify key component and proves variable
	Quality Robustness		Ability to produce products uniformly for adverse manufacturing and environmental conditions
	Quality loss function		Changing in cost indirectly influence the product, and influence customprer satisfaction, warranty and service

Total quality management tools
	Generating idea		Check sheet, scatter diagram, cause and effect diagram
	Organize the data		Pareto chart, flowchart
	Identifying problem		Histogram, statically process control chart
Costs of quality
	Prevention costs		Cost that use to prevent defects
	Appraisal costs		Cost when firm assesses the performance level
	Internal failure costs		Cost of defect while discovered during production
	External failure costs		Cost of defect while discover after receiving by the customer
	Ethical failure costs		Cost that cause by deceptively product

Process strategies
	Process focus	Low volume	High variety		e.g. project, print
	Repetitive focus	High volume	Low variety		e.g. motorcycle
	Product focus	Low volume	High variety		e.g. steel, glass
	Mass customization	High volume	High variety		e.g. computer
Production Technology
	Machine technology / automatic identification system / process control / vision systems / robots / automated storage and retrieval systems (ASRSs) / Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) / flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) / computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
Labor productivity
formula			formula


Geographic Information systems (GIS)
	Different with GPS, it will be more detail. Include the information of the geographical (e.g. atmosphere, surface) and to collect, analyze, stores, manage, calculate by using the hardware and software systems.		Components inside; Vehicle route model / network logistic model / allocation set models / facility positioning models

Types of layout
	Office layout	To Position worker, space, equipment, and so on.		e.g. Microsoft corps
	Retail layout	Allocated responds to customer behavior		Walgreen’s
	Warehouse layout	Addresses trade-off		Federal-Mogul’s warehouse
	Fixed position layout	Addresses large layout, bulky project		Trump plaza
	Process oriented layout	Deal with low volume, high variety production		Olive garden
	Work cell layout	Focus on production		Hallmark cards
	Product oriented layout	Seek best personnel and machine utilization in continuous		Toyota Scion