The first strategic decision that dabbawalas make will be the transportation chosen. Dabbawalas always choose to use smaller transportation tools compared with bigger vehicles. Especially in the city, it will have a higher population which means that it may have traffic jams and accidents and it may delay the sending of the goods. However, if dabbawalas use smaller transportation, it will be actually faster than a vehicle and safer because it could avoid the traffic problem.

达巴瓦拉斯做出的第一个战略决策将是选择的交通工具。与更大的车辆相比，达巴瓦拉斯总是选择使用更小的交通工具。尤其是在城市里，人口会更多，这意味着它可能会出现交通堵塞和事故，并且可能会延迟货物的发送。但是，如果 dabbawalas 使用较小的交通工具，它实际上会比车辆更快，更安全，因为它可以避免交通问题。

The second thing will be the simple supply chain.  Dabbawalas supply chain has some similar parts with the cross-docking. This is because dabbawalas do not need too many steps in the supply chain such as on the shelf, down the shelf, extra moving, storing, and so on. This is actually decreasing the possibility and risk of the defect of the product or service. Even more, the simple supply chain has decreased the lead time and cost.

第二件事是简单的供应链。达巴瓦拉斯供应链有一些与交叉对接类似的部分。这是因为 dabbawalas 在供应链中不需要太多的步骤，例如上架、下架、额外的移动、存储等。这实际上是在降低产品或服务出现缺陷的可能性和风险。更重要的是，简单的供应链减少了交货时间和成本。

The third decision will be the use of the color-coding system. This system is special for the dabbawalas. It will tag the lunch box with different colors to tell the information needed for the dabbawalas. It was also simple to read, understand, use, lower cost, simple to check again so on compared to the technology. This shall be able to increase the accuracy of the sending service and provide the problem such as sending to the wrong people.

第三个决定是使用颜色编码系统。这个系统对于达巴瓦拉来说是特别的。它将用不同的颜色标记午餐盒，以告知达巴瓦拉所需的信息。与技术相比，它还易于阅读、理解、使用、成本更低、易于再次检查等。这应该能够提高发送服务的准确性，并提供发送给错误的人等问题。

The fourth decision is about the routing part. Compare with other companies, usually will have many limitations on the route chosen. However, the dabbawalas were freer on the route choosing, so they actually chose the nearest and faster station to ride on the lunch box. This was able to ensure the quality of service and efficiency. For example, a company sends a product to the customer after a few days, the dabbawalas send the lunch box in a few hours, and the food is still warm.

第四个决定是关于路由部分。与其他公司相比，通常选择的路线会有很多限制。不过，达巴瓦拉在选择路线上比较自由，所以他们实际上选择了最近更快的车站乘坐便当。这样才能保证服务质量和效率。比如某公司几天后给客户发了一个产品，几小时后达巴瓦拉送饭盒，食物还是热的。

The fifth will be the design of the performance chain. Dabbawalas have created an integrated chain that makes the process faster.  The customer will send their lunch box to a place, and the dabbawalas will collect together to send. This actually saves a lot of time, because dabbawalas do not need to collect the lunch box one by one to send, even cannot promise that all the lunch box you collect is in one area. However, by the integrated supply chain, dabbawalas could collect and choose all the lunch boxes they have near their destination to send which is really much more effective and efficient. When they are not rushed in time, the service quality will also be improved.

五是绩效链的设计。达巴瓦拉斯创建了一个集成链，使流程更快。顾客将他们的饭盒送到一个地方，达巴瓦拉们将一起收集发送。这其实节省了很多时间，因为达巴瓦拉不需要把饭盒一个个收起来送，甚至不能保证你收的饭盒都在一个区域。但是，通过整合的供应链，达巴瓦拉斯可以将目的地附近的所有饭盒收集起来并选择发送，这确实更加有效和高效。当他们不及时赶到时，服务质量也会得到提高。

The first example is designing. In a supply chain, designing is always at the early stage. Design is a really important part that a company needs to focus on. In design, the product is to make sure that the product could fulfill and satisfy the customer's needs and wants. For example, in the happy new year of Chinese, the product design could add some red or gold color to attract the customers and increase the sales.

第一个例子是设计。在供应链中，设计始终处于早期阶段。设计是公司需要关注的一个非常重要的部分。在设计中，产品是为了确保产品能够满足和满足客户的需求和愿望。例如，在中国的新年快乐中，产品设计可以添加一些红色或金色，以吸引顾客并增加销售额。

The second example in the supply chain will be sourcing. This step is also called a procurement stage which is to purchase the required material or part so on that needs to be used to produce the product. Without material, the product cannot be made. Even more, the quality and amount of the material will directly affect the product quality. For example, one of the computers produces all high specification parts, but the core ram is just 2GB and cannot handle a better graphic process so on and causing lagging. This has proven that material will totally influence the quality of the product, even just one of it.

供应链中的第二个例子是采购。此步骤也称为采购阶段，即采购生产产品所需的材料或零件等。没有材料，就无法制造产品。更有什者，材料的质量和用量将直接影响到产品的质量。例如，其中一台计算机生产所有高规格零件，但核心内存只有 2GB，无法处理更好的图形处理等等，导致滞后。这已经证明材料将完全影响产品的质量，即使只是其中之一。

The third will be manufacturing. Manufacturing is the process by which the company produces the product. Based on the complexity of the manufacturing, the defect rate of the defect and the cost will also be influenced. For example, to produce a paper compared with to produce a laptop. The complexity of manufacturing the laptop is much harder than manufacturing the paper because the input is much different.

三是制造业。制造是公司生产产品的过程。基于制造的复杂性，缺陷的缺陷率和成本也会受到影响。例如，与生产笔记本电脑相比，生产纸张。制造笔记本电脑的复杂性比制造纸张要困难得多，因为输入的内容大不相同。

The fourth will be the packaging. In the packaging stage, it was needed to package the product for some purpose. For example, to provide protection to the product, to make the look of the product better, to tag some information for the product, and so on. Based on the product, the packaging method will also be different and so the cost. For example, the glasses product needs a few layers of protection by using some sponge, newspaper, and so on.

第四个是包装。在包装阶段，出于某种目的需要对产品进行包装。例如，为产品提供保护，使产品的外观更好，为产品标记一些信息等等。根据产品的不同，包装方式也会有所不同，成本也会有所不同。例如，眼镜产品需要使用一些海绵、报纸等进行几层保护。

The fifth will be transportation. Transportation in the supply chain is not only includes sending the goods to the customer, but also receiving the material from the supplier and so on. With the transportation choice, the cost, transfer time, lead time, and rate of the accident will also be influenced. For example, using the train is faster on the same lane, using a ship is possible to be looted by the pirate.

五是交通。供应链中的运输不仅包括将货物发送给客户，还包括从供应商处接收材料等。随着运输方式的选择，成本、转运时间、交货时间和事故发生率也会受到影响。例如，在同一车道上使用火车更快，使用船只可能会被海盗抢劫。

Dabbawalas was a really successful business that is held in India and is really famous. They are working on sending the lunch box made by the worker's wife or family to the worker's workplace, and they will also collect the lunch box from the worker back home. Until today, it has created a really mature system to make the sending or transfer of the lunch box become most effective and efficient, this is all because of its good supply chain.

Dabbawalas 是一家在印度举办的非常成功的企业，非常有名。他们正在努力将工人妻子或家人制作的饭盒送到工人的工作场所，他们还将从工人那里收集饭盒回家。直到今天，它创造了一个非常成熟的系统，使饭盒的发送或转移变得最有效和高效，这一切都归功于它良好的供应链。

The first advantage of the Dabbawalas supply chain will be the lower cost of transport. Usually, the sending of the goods nowadays will always depend on the technology such as the vehicle, lorry, van, etc. However, Dabbawalas mostly used manpower and bicycle to send the lunch box only. The moving of the vehicle will require the fuel to function, however, the bicycle did not need that. This will actually make the transportation cost decrease to the lowest they can and it will also make the operation cost become cheaper than usual.

达巴瓦拉斯供应链的第一个优势将是较低的运输成本。通常，现在的货物寄送总是依赖于车辆、货车、面包车等技术，而达巴瓦拉斯则主要使用人力和自行车来寄送饭盒。车辆的移动需要燃料才能发挥作用，但是，自行车不需要。这实际上会使运输成本降至最低，也将使运营成本变得比平时便宜。

The second advantage will be that the supply chain of the dabbawalas is simple, not complex. The usual company supply chain will be more complex such as the goods will be sent, received, classified, moved, on the shelf, down the shelf, packaged, and so on. However, compare with it the dabbawalas just receive, classify, and send the goods. It has actually decreased many steps in the supply chain and also directly decreased the cost of the supply chain and lead time. For example, the dabbawalas do not need to prepare a warehouse for stock and save inventory costs. Simply say, it will be faster than usual, more effective, and efficient.

第二个优势是达巴瓦拉的供应链简单，不复杂。通常的公司供应链会更加复杂，例如货物的发送、接收、分类、移动、上架、下架、包装等。然而，与它相比，达巴瓦拉只是接收、分类和发送货物。它实际上减少了供应链中的许多步骤，也直接降低了供应链的成本和交货时间。例如，达巴瓦拉不需要为库存准备仓库，节省库存成本。简单地说，它会比平时更快、更有效、更有效率。

Thrid of the advantages will be the dabbawalas have a good classification system in their supply chain, it was named a color-coding system. The color-coding system will tell the dabbawalas the information needed such as where to send, which station to use, how many points they will get, and so on. Compared to the computer system which is a higher cost, and higher knowledge level needed to use, the color-coding system is actually more suitable, faster, cheaper, and simpler to use.

第三个优点是达巴瓦拉人在他们的供应链中有一个很好的分类系统，它被命名为颜色编码系统。颜色编码系统将告诉达巴瓦拉所需的信息，例如发送到哪里、使用哪个站点、他们将获得多少积分等等。与成本较高、知识水平较高的计算机系统相比，彩色编码系统实际上更适合、更快、更便宜、更易于使用。

The first strategic decision that dabbawalas make will be the transportation chosen. Dabbawalas always choose to use smaller transportation tools compared with the bigger vehicles. Especially in the city, it will have a higher population which means that it may have traffic jams and accidents and it may delay the sending of the goods. However, if dabbawalas use smaller transportation, it will be actually faster than a vehicle and safer because it could avoid the traffic problem.

达巴瓦拉斯做出的第一个战略决策将是选择的交通工具。与较大的车辆相比，达巴瓦拉斯总是选择使用较小的交通工具。尤其是在城市里，人口会更多，这意味着它可能会出现交通堵塞和事故，并且可能会延迟货物的发送。但是，如果 dabbawalas 使用较小的交通工具，它实际上会比车辆更快，更安全，因为它可以避免交通问题。

The second thing will be the simple supply chain.  Dabbawalas supply chain has some similar parts with the cross-docking. This is because dabbawalas do not need too many steps in the supply chain such as on the shelf, down the shelf, extra moving, storing, and so on. This is actually decreasing the possibility and risk of the defect of the product or service. Even more, the simple supply chain has decreased the lead time and cost.

第二件事是简单的供应链。达巴瓦拉斯供应链有一些与交叉对接类似的部分。这是因为 dabbawalas 在供应链中不需要太多的步骤，例如上架、下架、额外的移动、存储等。这实际上是在降低产品或服务出现缺陷的可能性和风险。更重要的是，简单的供应链减少了交货时间和成本。

The third decision will be the use of the color-coding system. This system is special for the dabbawalas. It will tag the lunch box with different colors to tell the information needed for the dabbawalas. It was also simple to read, understand, use, lower cost, simple to check again so on compared to the technology. This shall be able to increase the accuracy of the sending service and provide the problem such as sending to the wrong people.

第三个决定是使用颜色编码系统。这个系统对于达巴瓦拉来说是特别的。它将用不同的颜色标记午餐盒，以告知达巴瓦拉所需的信息。与技术相比，它还易于阅读、理解、使用、成本更低、再次检查简单等。这应该能够提高发送服务的准确性，并提供发送给错误的人等问题。

The fourth decision is about the routing part. Compare with other companies, usually will have many limitations on the route chosen. However, the dabbawalas were freer on the route choosing, so they actually chose the nearest and faster station to ride on the lunch box. This was able to ensure the quality of service and efficiency. For example, a company sends a product to the customer after a few days, the dabbawalas send the lunch box in a few hours, and the food is still warm.

第四个决定是关于路由部分。与其他公司相比，通常选择的路线会有很多限制。不过，达巴瓦拉在选择路线上比较自由，所以他们实际上选择了最近更快的车站乘坐便当。这样才能保证服务质量和效率。比如某公司几天后给客户发了一个产品，达巴瓦拉几个小时就送了饭盒，食物还是热的。

The fifth will be the design of the performance chain. Dabbawalas have created an integrated chain that makes the process faster.  The customer will send their lunch box to a place, and the dabbawalas will collect together to send. This actually saves a lot of time, because dabbawalas do not need to collect the lunch box one by one to send, even cannot promise that all the lunch box you collect is in one area. However, by the integrated supply chain, dabbawalas could collect and choose all the lunch boxes they have near their destination to send which is really much more effective and efficient. When they are not rushed in time, the service quality will also be improved.

五是绩效链的设计。达巴瓦拉斯创建了一个集成链，使流程更快。顾客将他们的饭盒送到一个地方，达巴瓦拉们将一起收集发送。这其实节省了很多时间，因为达巴瓦拉不需要把饭盒一个个收起来送，甚至不能保证你收的饭盒都在一个区域。但是，通过整合的供应链，达巴瓦拉斯可以将目的地附近的所有饭盒收集起来并选择发送，这确实更加有效和高效。当他们不及时赶到时，服务质量也会得到提高。

Office layout办公室布局

A common layout that is used for offices which are to position the worker, equipment, machine, space, and so on. The office layout is to ensure a smoother workflow, and also to provide the employee with a better working environment and condition. Usually, a certain space will be left between each workspace desk so on to give employees more comfort and privacy. For example, the Microsoft corps.

用于放置员工、设备、机器、空间等的办公室的常见布局。办公室布局是为了确保工作流程更顺畅，也为员工提供更好的工作环境和条件。通常，每个工作台之间会留出一定的空间，以给员工更多的舒适和隐私。例如，微软公司。

Warehouse layout仓库布局

A common layout that is used for warehouses which are to allocate and classify inventory and huge amounts of goods. There are a few elements that are important in designing the warehouse layout which are accessibility, traffic, flow, space, and so on. This is because while moving the goods needed more time to stay at the same place or route if there is no space for more flow or route, it will cause traffic strikes and make the work inefficient. For example, the federal-Mogul’s warehouse.

用于分配和分类库存和大量货物的仓库的常见布局。在设计仓库布局时，有一些重要的元素是可访问性、交通、流量、空间等。这是因为在移动货物时，如果没有更多的流量或路线空间，则需要更多的时间停留在同一地点或路线上，这将导致交通堵塞，使工作效率低下。例如，联邦大亨的仓库。

Fixed-position layout固定位置布局

Fixed-position layouts are usually used to address larger or bulky products. It was the main focus to respond to the huge amount and fragile items while the item was difficult to move or too heavy. For example, the ship and aircraft are not built in the assembly line but in the final location usually. Moreover, this type of layout usually needs to have some storage place to keep the stock such as components and materials. Another example is the Aroma hotel.

固定位置布局通常用于处理较大或笨重的产品。以应对体积庞大、易碎、不易移动或过重的物品为主。例如，船舶和飞机通常不是在装配线上而是在最终位置建造的。此外，这种布局通常需要有一些存储空间来存放组件和材料等库存。另一个例子是 Aroma 酒店。

Work-cell layout工作单元布局

Work-cell layout is the layout that focuses on the production and process. The work-cell layout is more related to the cost, efficiency, and effectiveness of the production. Commonly, it will be done by decreasing the workspace and increasing the accessibility of each worker to the production line, so that this will decrease the workforce needed and save the cost, even more, can ensure the workforce can be used effectively. For example, the hallmark cards company.

工作单元布局是专注于生产和过程的布局。工作单元布局与生产的成本、效率和有效性更相关。通常会通过减少工作空间和增加每个工人对生产线的可达性来完成，这样可以减少所需的劳动力并节省成本，更能确保劳动力得到有效利用。例如，标志性卡片公司。

Product-oriented layout以产品为导向的布局

The product-oriented layout is designed based on the product, usually a high volume and lower variety product. It is used to seek continuous improvement and monitoring of machine utilization, workflow smoothness, and so on. It was also designed to simplify the work line, and make efficient use of the utilization of resources and also space. For example the automobile companies such as Toyota. 

面向产品的布局是根据产品设计的，通常是大批量、低品种的产品。它用于寻求对机器利用率、工作流程流畅性等的持续改进和监控。它还旨在简化工作线，并有效利用资源和空间。例如丰田等汽车公司。

Apple Inc is moving its manufacturing site from China due to a trade war that exists between China and the United States. Elaborate on four (4) factors that affect the location decisions made by Apple Inc.

Aplple Inc as a high-end technology company was doing really well in the high-end market but however, but they choose to move out from China will really bring a high impact to themself.

苹果公司作为一家高端科技公司，在高端市场的表现确实不错，但是，他们选择从中国撤离，真的会给自己带来很大的冲击

Firstly, China is one of the biggest markets in the world, and it also accounts for one of the bigger parts of the sales of Apple products. While they move out of China, it will totally affect the sales of the applied product in the China market. Even more, apple inc will lose its customer loyalty in China because it is harder to access apple products. So to avoid these problems, Apple Inc should consider the population of the next location and choose the location which has a higher population.

首先，中国是全球最大的市场之一，也是苹果产品销量的较大份额之一。当他们搬出中国时，将完全影响应用产品在中国市场的销售。更重要的是，苹果公司将失去其在中国的客户忠诚度，因为苹果产品更难获得。所以为了避免这些问题，苹果公司应该考虑下一个地点的人口，选择人口较多的地点。

Second, China is also one of the countries that has the lowest labor cost compared with other countries because of its population. While the apple Inc stays in China, it will have the lower cost advantages, but however, while Apple Inc is moved out from china, it will lose these advantages, and it will cause a higher cost to the apple company and may also bring effect to the price of the product. So while Apple Inc wants to make a decision for another location, it should consider the higher buying power of the location because the price of the Apple product is not likely to be bought by the lower class people.

其次，由于人口众多，中国也是与其他国家相比劳动力成本最低的国家之一。苹果公司留在中国的时候，会有较低的成本优势，但是，苹果公司从中国搬出去的时候，就会失去这些优势，给苹果公司带来更高的成本，也可能带来影响到产品的价格。因此，当苹果公司想在另一个地点做出决定时，它应该考虑到该地点的购买力较高，因为苹果产品的价格不太可能被较低阶层的人购买。

Third, while moving out from China, apply also will lose some of its customers from China because China people are harder to access the applied product after this change. So that Apple Inc should consider where the location is having a higher reputation and stick with the apple product so that apple inc can save up the cost to open another cost for the apple product while moving into the new location.

第三，apply在离开中国的同时，也会失去一些来自中国的客户，因为这次改变后，中国人更难接触到apply的产品。因此，Apple Inc 应该考虑该地点在哪里具有较高的声誉并坚持使用 Apple 产品，以便 Apple Inc 可以在搬到新地点的同时节省为 Apple 产品开设另一项成本的成本。

Fourth, other than the lower labor cost, apply inc will also lose the current tax rate that is already used for a long time and fit with the apple's financials but while apple moves to a new location, it would need to accept a new tax rate. So Apple Inc needs to consider the tax rate while choosing a new location, try to decrease the tax rate, and decrease the impact on the cost and price of the production.

第四，除了较低的人工成本外，apply inc 也会失去目前已经使用了很长时间并且符合苹果财务状况的税率，但是当苹果搬到新的地点时，它需要接受新的税率.所以苹果公司在选择新地点时需要考虑税率，尽量降低税率，减少对生产成本和价格的影响。

Process focus过程重点

Process focus is used to deal with the low volume and high variety production. It usually only involves a few or fewer types of input but it can produce a high variety of the product. It would also have higher flexibility for the adaptation and a faster reaction time to the changing environment. For example the printing and hospital. Sometimes it was also called a job shop because it allows customization, and each product will be more unique.

工艺焦点用于处理小批量和多品种的生产。它通常只涉及少数或更少类型的输入，但它可以生产出多种多样的产品。它还将具有更高的适应灵活性和对不断变化的环境的更快反应时间。例如印刷和医院。有时它也被称为工作车间，因为它允许定制，并且每个产品都会更加独特。

Repetitive focus重复焦点

Repetitive focus is falling between the process focus and the product focus which is in the middle. This is because most of the processes in repetitive focus were not changing much but needed to repeat and repeat again non-stop by using the different modules to produce different products. So that the repetitive focus will require a higher input such as material and certain amounts of types of the output will be having. For Example, the automobile company and the fast-food company.

重复关注点落在过程关注点和产品关注点之间，中间是产品关注点。这是因为大多数重复关注的过程并没有太大变化，而是需要通过使用不同的模块来生产不同的产品，不断地重复和重复。因此，重复的焦点将需要更高的输入，例如材料和一定数量的输出类型。例如，汽车公司和快餐公司。

Product focus产品重点

Product focus is used to deal with high volume and low variety production. It was a type of continuous process that actually required higher both fixed and variable costs and was usually only used for long-run companies. For example, the factory or facilities used to produce glass, steel, bulb so on.

产品焦点用于处理大批量和低品种的生产。这是一种连续过程，实际上需要更高的固定成本和可变成本，并且通常仅用于长期公司。例如，用于生产玻璃、钢材、灯泡等的工厂或设施。

Mass customization大规模定制

Mass customization is used to deal with high volume and high variety production. There will be a lot of different types of input and also the output. Usually, this type of production is related to electronic products which require a lot of components to be integrated into one product. For example, the smartphone and computer companies such as HUAWEI. Mass customization also has higher flexibility and the ability to adapt to meet the customer needs and wants which are better for marketing and sales.

大规模定制用于处理大批量和多品种的生产。会有很多不同类型的输入和输出。通常，这种类型的生产与需要将大量组件集成到一个产品中的电子产品有关。例如，华为等智能手机和电脑公司。大规模定制还具有更高的灵活性和适应客户需求的能力，这对营销和销售更有好处。

 

Six sigma六西格玛

Six sigma is a technique used to continuously improve the process, decrease the failure rate, and mistakes, and improve the quality so on. Six sigma has a few very difficult conditions to achieve the six sigma such as only 3.4% of defects being allowed every million opportunities. It may have a few components in achieving six sigma, which are the define, measure, analyze, improve and also control. For example, the company that has obtained the six sigma certification is the dabbawalas.

六西格玛是一种用于持续改进过程、降低故障率、错误和提高质量等的技术。六西格玛几乎没有非常困难的条件来实现六西格玛，例如每百万次机会中只有 3.4% 的缺陷被允许。实现六西格玛的要素可能很少，即定义、测量、分析、改进和控制。例如，获得六西格玛认证的公司是达巴瓦拉斯。

Employee empowerment员工授权

Employee empowerment is to give the employees a certain degree of the freedom and power to make their own decisions based on their own perspectives without asking for top leaders. This technique can increase quality but also with a higher risk if the employee is not good enough to hold the work and project. This technique may be helpful to decrease the reaction time to a certain decision or changer, especially while the range between employees is far away which can save more time and cost. For example, the company gives the employee the right to access the data, and manage and hire extra employees.

员工授权是赋予员工一定程度的自由和权力，可以根据自己的观点做出自己的决定，而不需要高层领导。如果员工不足以胜任工作和项目，这种技术可以提高质量，但也会带来更高的风险。这种技术可能有助于减少对某个决定或变更者的反应时间，特别是在员工之间的距离较远的情况下，可以节省更多的时间和成本。例如，公司赋予员工访问数据、管理和雇用额外员工的权利。

Continuous Improvement 持续性改进

Continuous improvement is a process that implements non-stop improvement to everything such as the product, process, services, and so on. This technique usually starts with observing, collecting, and finding solutions to improve everything and trying to break through the barrier to another stage to obtain improvement. There are actually many tools to help in the implementation of continuous improvement. FOr example, the PDCA model is to plan, do, check, and act. This technique should take more time to be mature and see its effectiveness sometimes.

持续改进是对产品、流程、服务等一切事物进行不间断改进的过程。这种技术通常从观察、收集和寻找解决方案开始，以改进一切，并尝试突破障碍进入另一个阶段以获得改进。实际上有很多工具可以帮助实施持续改进。例如，PDCA模型是计划、执行、检查和行动。这种技术应该需要更多的时间才能成熟并有时会看到效果。

Just-In-Time (JIT)准时制 (JIT)

Just in time is a technique that is more related to the process, especially appearing often in the supply chain and production line. It was some kind of pulling system or method. This is because, in the just-in-time technique, the supply will only appear while there is a need, which means that needed to pull the supply. There will be no or less stock for future use. This technique will allow the reduction of the inventory level but it was asking for a higher skill and condition in the management of the employee. The just-in-time technique will be more effective if the process can be shortened and simplified. For example, while the material is almost finished and another batch of material has come just at the right time.

准时制是一种与工艺关系更密切的技术，尤其是经常出现在供应链和生产线中。这是某种拉动系统或方法。这是因为在及时技术中，供应只会在需要时出现，这意味着需要拉动供应。将来使用的库存将没有或更少。这种技术将允许降低库存水平，但它要求更高的员工管理技能和条件。如果可以缩短和简化流程，及时技术将更加有效。例如，当材料快要完成时，另一批材料来得正是时候。

Taguchi Concepts田口概念

Taguchi concepts are design methods that are used to improve the product and process. It can be done by identifying the key component and process variables so on. It was focused on identifying and finding out every inefficient or defect and trying to decrease and eliminate the error. Sometimes the Taguchi concept is also known as robustness design which is actually having the ability to continuously produce the product without being affected by the annoying environment.

田口概念是用于改进产品和流程的设计方法。可以通过识别关键组件和过程变量等来完成。它专注于识别和找出每一个低效或缺陷，并试图减少和消除错误。有时田口概念也被称为稳健性设计，它实际上具有连续生产产品而不受烦人环境影响的能力。

Before marketers ever plan to implement guerrilla marketing, they need to conduct small-scale research to determine important information. Explain three (3) examples of primary research and two (2) secondary research.

Primary research refers to the first direct access to the data. It means that the researcher needs to access the sources of information. For example, an interview is also a type of primary research because it could be face-to-face communication or peer-to-peer communication. Moreover, the survey is also one type of primary research. The survey could be done by the company or hire another company to implement the survey by paying the cost. Other than that, the comment on the website or app can be counted as primary research too as it is direct communication between the company and the customer.

初级研究是指第一次直接访问数据。 这意味着研究人员需要访问信息来源。 例如，访谈也是一种初级研究，因为它可以是面对面的交流或点对点的交流。 此外，调查也是初级研究的一种。 调查可以由公司进行，也可以通过支付费用聘请另一家公司进行调查。 除此之外，网站或应用程序上的评论也可以算作初步研究，因为它是公司与客户之间的直接沟通。

Secondary research refers to the second-hand information that is collected from other researchers and it does not have direct access to the sources of information. For example, the data and information collected from articles, encyclopedias, and the news could not be counted as primary research because it was second-hand data from other researchers so it was secondary research.

二次研究是指从其他研究人员那里收集的二手信息，它无法直接访问信息来源。 例如，从文章、百科全书、新闻中收集的数据和信息不能算作一手研究，因为它是其他研究人员的二手数据，所以它是二手研究。

To hire talented employees, the most important element will be to fulfill the employee's needs and wants or give them the possible method to achieve their hopes and dreams.

要雇用有才能的员工，最重要的因素是满足员工的需求和愿望，或者为他们提供实现希望和梦想的可能方法。

If using the Dolby laboratories as an example. Inside the career pages of Dolby laboratories, they want to hire the absolute best talent, even more, they mention that they will give all resources that employees need and also a competitive and challenging working environment. This totally fits with most of the wants of talented people. Those types of talent usually do not pay too much focus on the money but they want to have more achievements and creative innovation.

如果以杜比实验室为例。在杜比实验室的职业页面中，他们想要聘请绝对最优秀的人才，更重要的是，他们提到他们将提供员工所需的所有资源，以及具有竞争力和挑战性的工作环境。这完全符合大多数人才的需求。这些类型的人才通常不会太注重金钱，但他们希望有更多的成就和创造性的创新。

Moreover, because of the reputation and credit of Dolby laboratories, much-talented people join it, which also means that joining Dolby laboratories could probably give the chance to improve skills and access new advanced technology resources. As more talented people join, it will create a snowball effect, and attract more people to join too because Dolby laboratories have become the researcher's

 sanctuary.

而且，由于杜比实验室的声誉和信誉，很多人才加入，这也意味着加入杜比实验室可能有机会提高技能，获得新的先进技术资源。随着更多有才华的人加入，它会产生滚雪球效应，并吸引更多人加入，因为杜比实验室已成为研究人员的避难所。

As a leader, it was important to set the balance between work and rest for the employees. This is because the work will give stress to the employee and affect their morale, health, feeling, and so on if it is over. So that the leader should set a balance between work and rest to ensure the employee could be working in a good condition

作为领导者，重要的是要在员工的工作和休息之间取得平衡。这是因为工作结束后会给员工带来压力，影响他们的士气、健康、感觉等。让领导在工作和休息之间取得平衡，以确保员工能够在良好的状态下工作

Leaders also need to always communicate with the employees. Leaders need to have an understanding of their employee's characteristics such as their skills, personality, thinking, and so on. This will be very helpful in managing the employee in the workplace.

领导者还需要经常与员工沟通。领导者需要了解员工的技能、个性、思维等特点。这对于管理工作场所的员工非常有帮助。

Other than that, leaders need to be responsible. A Leader is a person who manages and makes decisions. If the leaders always avoid responsibility and blame the mistake on the employees, the employee could feel afraid and not be loyal to the company.

除此之外，领导者需要负责。领导者是管理和决策的人。如果领导总是逃避责任，把错误归咎于员工，员工可能会感到害怕，对公司不忠诚。

Moreover, leaders should value the idea of employees. Leaders should accept other employees' suggestions too, and this was actually one of the purposes of having a group too. If leaders do not listen to employees' ideas, it will be just the same as working individually. Moreover, employees will be unlikely to give suggestions and unhappy to work.

此外，领导者应该重视员工的想法。领导也应该接受其他员工的建议，这其实也是成立小组的目的之一。如果领导不听员工的想法，那就和单独工作一样。此外，员工不太可能提出建议和对工作不满意。

Fifth, the leader should understand that unity and cooperation are one of the methods to be successful. The power of a person was limited, so it needed to have more people to work together. The leader should understand this and make the relationship between employees closer to form a working environment that trusts each other and helps each other.

第五，领导要明白团结合作是成功的方法之一。一个人的力量是有限的，所以需要更多的人一起工作。领导者应该明白这一点，让员工之间的关系更紧密，形成一个相互信任、相互帮助的工作环境。

The first C of credit the lender looks at is usually the character. Characters refer to the characteristics of the borrower. It includes how honest, potential, hardworking, and ethnic the borrower is. It is usually the first thing that the lender will look into the borrower.

贷方查看的第一个信用 C 通常是字符。性格是指借款人的特征。它包括借款人的诚实、潜力、勤奋和种族。这通常是贷方调查借款人的第一件事。

Second C will be the condition. This refers to the condition or regulation that shows the eligibility of the borrower to borrow the loan. For example, the E-belia from the government also has the condition that is only claimable by people between 18 to 20 or the full-time student in higher education.

第二个C将是条件。这是指表明借款人有资格借款的条件或规定。例如，来自政府的 E-belia 也有只有 18 至 20 岁的人或高等教育的全日制学生才能申请的条件。

The third C of credit will be the capital. This refers to how much money or funds you have invested and put into your business. This could be one of the most important elements to show to the lender because this will tell them how serious the borrower was. In other words, if the borrower also is not putting much money into their business, how do they want other lenders to invest in their business?

信用的第三个 C 将是资本。这是指您已投资并投入到您的业务中的资金或资金。这可能是向贷方展示的最重要元素之一，因为这将告诉他们借款人的严重程度。换句话说，如果借款人也没有在他们的业务上投入太多资金，他们希望其他贷方如何投资他们的业务？

The fourth will be the capacity. It refers to how the company operates and generates the income, or what type the income was. The capacity shows the lender about the method, probability, and speed that which the borrower could repay back the loan. For example,  by looking at the financial performance of the company.

四是能力。它是指公司如何运营和产生收入，或者收入是什么类型。容量向贷方显示借款人可以偿还贷款的方法、概率和速度。例如，通过查看公司的财务业绩。

The fifth c of the credit will be the collateral. This was some kind of guarantee for the lender to ensure their lending could be worth it if the borrower could not repay the loan back at the promised time. Sometimes this was really influenced by the relationship and understanding between the borrower and lender.

信用的第五个 c 将是抵押品。这是贷款人的某种保证，以确保如果借款人无法在承诺的时间偿还贷款，他们的贷款是值得的。有时这确实受到借款人和贷款人之间的关系和理解的影响。

The bargaining power of the supplier.

Porter's five forces model is the model that is used to analyze the position and competition of the business in the market by analyzing a few factors that affect the business. Firstly, the bargaining power of the supplier. If the company has only one supplier, then usually the supplier will have high influence and power to affect the business. So to prevent this situation, the company will usually have few or more than one supplier to decrease the influence and power of the supplier on the business. This could give advantages to the business to control the cost.

波特五力模型是通过分析影响业务的几个因素来分析业务在市场中的地位和竞争的模型。首先，供应商的议价能力。如果公司只有一个供应商，那么通常该供应商将具有很大的影响力和权力来影响业务。所以为了防止这种情况发生，公司通常会少或多于一个供应商，以减少供应商对业务的影响力和权力。这可以为企业控制成本提供优势。

Bargaining power of the buyers

Secondly will be the bargaining power of the buyers. Buyer or customer is the main source to the company to sell their products which is really important. So that the size and amount of the customer will have a high influence on the company too. The buyer is also very sensitive to the element of price, quality, packaging, and so on. As the number of buyers is more, the bargaining power of the buyer could be lesser. In other words, while the buyer's amount is less, the bargaining power of the buyer is bigger.

其次是买家的议价能力。买方或客户是公司销售其产品的主要来源，这非常重要。所以客户的规模和数量也会对公司产生很大的影响。买家对价格、质量、包装等因素也非常敏感。买家数量越多，买家的议价能力就会越小。换言之，买方的金额越少，买方的议价能力越大。

The competitive rivalry

The third will be the competitive rivalry. Competitive rivalry is to analyze the company has how many the competitors, how strong is the competition. For example, if the product quality is better or worse than the competitor, is the product cheaper or more expensive than the competitor's product. It depends on the company's product gap and differentiation from the competitor's product.

三是竞争激烈。竞争竞争就是分析公司有多少竞争对手，竞争有多强。例如，如果产品质量比竞争对手好或差，那么产品比竞争对手的产品更便宜还是更贵。这取决于公司的产品差距和与竞争对手产品的差异化。

The threat of new entry.

Fourth is the threat of new entry. The threat of new entries is an important element that could affect the competition. This is to analyze if it was easy to enter the market in the same field and how easy and fast the new competitor will appear. It depends on the time, cost, knowledge, and technology of entry. As the type of product is complex and unique, the barrier to entry will be higher than normal. For example, the barrier to entry in the computer component market is much higher than the barrier to entry in the food market. This was because technology protection is much harder than making new food to sell.

四是新进入的威胁。新条目的威胁是可能影响竞争的重要因素。这是为了分析在同一领域进入市场是否容易，以及新的竞争对手出现的容易和快速。这取决于进入的时间、成本、知识和技术。由于产品类型复杂且独特，进入门槛将高于正常水平。例如，计算机零部件市场的准入门槛远高于食品市场的准入门槛。这是因为技术保护比制造新食品要难得多

The threat of substitute products

Fifth is the threat of substitute products. This was to measure how competitive the product was and also to know how saturated the market was. Substitute products will decrease the company's market share because it will give more choices to the consumer to choose based on their preference for quality, price, function, and so on. This analysis, it could help the company to find out the strong and weak points of their product that need to be improved and maintained.

五是替代产品的威胁。这是为了衡量产品的竞争力以及了解市场的饱和程度。替代产品会降低公司的市场份额，因为它会给消费者更多的选择，可以根据他们对质量、价格、功能等的偏好进行选择。从这个分析中，它可以帮助公司找出需要改进和维护的产品的强项和弱点。

The first source of debt capital will be a bank loan. Usually, the bank will provide a special plan for the business loans for the business owner or entrepreneur that wants to start up their own business. However, the bank will look into the entrepreneur or the entrepreneur's business capability to repay back the loan, potential, and other elements too. The bank loan is more flexible and freedom because the bank won't limit how the company uses the money or expectation from the bank. However, it was a type of debt that means companies need to repay back with different amounts of interest rates and the application is quite complicated and time-consuming.

债务资本的第一个来源将是银行贷款。通常，银行会为想要自己创业的企业主或企业家提供商业贷款的特别计划。但是，银行也会考察创业者或者创业者的还贷能力、潜力等因素。银行贷款更加灵活和自由，因为银行不会限制公司如何使用资金或对银行的期望。然而，这是一种债务，意味着公司需要以不同的利率偿还，申请相当复杂和耗时。

Another source of debt capital will be asset financing. Asset financing is the method of financing that is based on the asset of the company including the current asset and non-current assets. For example, the receivable account, stock, facility, machinery, and so on. Asset financing focuses more on the asset credit more than the company credit, and it could use the value of the asset more effectively and efficiently.

债务资本的另一个来源是资产融资。资产融资是指以公司资产为基础的融资方式，包括流动资产和非流动资产。例如，应收账款、库存、设施、机器等。资产融资更注重资产信用而不是公司信用，可以更有效、更高效地利用资产价值。

The third source of debt capital would be the leasing, also known as equipment leasing or financial leasing. Leasing refers to the transfer of the ownership of the asset or just the right to use the asset. Leasing could probably help companies to decrease the asset purchasing cost, especially for short-term use. Based on the leasing object or item, the company will need to pay a certain amount of money as a return to use or temporarily own the asset.

债务资本的第三个来源是租赁，也称为设备租赁或融资租赁。租赁是指转让资产的所有权或仅转让资产的使用权。租赁可能有助于公司降低资产购买成本，尤其是短期使用。根据租赁的对象或项目，公司需要支付一定的款项作为回报才能使用或暂时拥有该资产。

Managing brand equity and the brand portfolio requires taking a long-term view and carefully considering the role of different brands in the portfolio and their relationships over time. Sometimes a brand refresh just requires cleaning up the brand architecture. Explain three (3) Adjustments to the Brand Portfolio

The brand is an important marketing tool for the company to develop business. However, a company is not limited to only one brand. The brand does help consumers to understand and recognize the product and services, enhancing the profitability of the product too. In this case, the brand would be critical in terms of management, which is also called brand portfolio

品牌是公司发展业务的重要营销工具。然而，一家公司并不仅限于一个品牌。品牌确实帮助消费者了解和认可产品和服务，也提高了产品的盈利能力。在这种情况下，品牌在管理方面至关重要，也称为品牌组合

The most common technique is to build a hierarchy in the brand and place the different brands in different positions and functions such as the main brand, and supportive brand. In this case, the main brand would enhance and drive the sub-brand under the main brand. For example, the HUAWEI brand does have honor series, prime series, and so on.

最常见的技术是在品牌中建立层次结构，将不同的品牌置于主品牌、辅助品牌等不同的位置和功能上。在这种情况下，主品牌会提升和带动主品牌下的子品牌。比如华为品牌确实有honor系列、prime系列等等。

Secondly, some companies also conduct brand portfolios by developing different brands under the same type of industry and product but also create a small diversification between each product. The ITC company would be a good example, it develops many brands in the food and beverage industry. For example the sunfast, bingo, bnatural and so on.

其次，一些公司还通过在同一行业和产品下开发不同的品牌来进行品牌组合，但也在每个产品之间创造了一个小的多元化。 ITC 公司就是一个很好的例子，它在食品和饮料行业开发了许多品牌。例如sunfast、bingo、bnatural等。

The third adjustment could be the classification of brand level. The organization could classify its brand into a few types, such as the corporate brand, house brand, family brand, and so on. This has made companies have more consideration in the designing of the product in terms of color, size of the word, and so on. For example, coca-cola has come out with a “smart” series of fruit juice, and the word smart become bigger than coca-cola. In this case, the main brand coca-cola functions as a supportive brand to enhance the house brand “smart”.

第三个调整可能是品牌等级的分类。该组织可以将其品牌分为几种类型，例如企业品牌、自有品牌、家族品牌等。这使得企业在产品的设计上，在颜色、字的大小等方面有了更多的考虑。比如可口可乐推出了“智能”系列果汁，智能这个词就比可口可乐大。在这种情况下，主品牌可口可乐起到了辅助品牌的作用，提升了自有品牌的“智能”。