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Term |
Definition |
Major types of
political systems
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Authoritarianism权威主义 The concentration of power/decision making in a
single group, or a small part represents authority. 权力/决策集中在一个群体或一小部分即权威。
Socialism社会主义 E Emphasize that
the ownership of distribution and production belongs to public ownership. 强调分配和生产的所有权属于公有制。
Democracy民主主义 Government representatives and other member of
government are choosing by people through election 政府代表和其他政府成员由人民选举产生
Autocracy专制/dictatorship独裁政体 Concentration power and decision making on a person
without checks and balances of laws. 在没有法律制衡的情况下，对一个人的集中权力和决策。
Anarchism无政府主义 Oppose all compulsory social divisions and class
rule systems 反对所有强制性的社会分化与阶级统治制度
Oligarchy寡头政治 Govern and power concentration on a small group of
elite people. 统治和权力集中在一小群精英身上。 |
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Major types of legal
system |
Common law判例法 The law that unwritten but based on the present
judicial case, also known as case law. 不成文但以现有司法案例为基础的法律，也称为判例法。
Civil law 民事法 The Written law that applicable to all citizens
equally and based on statutory and legal codes. Usually related with civil
conflict, property, family relation and so on. 以成文法典为基础，平等适用于所有公民的成文法. 通常与民事冲突、财产、家庭关系等有关。
Religious law宗教法 Law that based on primary sources of religion
tradition, ethical and moral codes. 基于宗教传统、伦理和道德准则的主要来源的法律。
Mixed System混合系统 integrating of two or more political system that
operating together. 两个或多个共同运作的政治制度的整合。 |
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How country take over in
political systems |
Confiscation没收 Take over assets without any compensation 无偿接管资产
Expropriation征用 Take over assets with compensation 有偿接管资产
Nationalization国有化 Takeover asset with or without compensation, usually
the industry that having strategic meaning. 有偿或无偿收购资产，通常是具有战略意义的行业。
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Country risk that affects by
legal system |
·
Foreign investment law ·
Marketing and distribution laws ·
Environmental laws ·
Contract laws ·
Internet and e-commerce regulations ·
Laws regarding with repatriation ·
Controls on operating forms and practices ·
Inadequate and underdeveloped legal system ·
Foreign corrupt practices act ·
Accounting and reporting laws
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|
Economic Scale / Scope |
Economic of
scale规模经济 ·
exist when inputs are increased by some percentage
and output increases by a greater percentage causing unit cost to fall 是指在一定的产量范围内，随着产量的增加，平均成本不断降低的事实 ·
More changing in variable cost but less influence
the fixed cost. As higher productivity once a time, more product to share the
same fixed cost and reduce the average cost of each product. 规模经济是由于一定的产量范围内，固定成本可以认为变化不大，那么新增的产品就可以分担更多的固定成本，从而使总成本下降。
Economic
of scope范围经济 ·
Refer to the cost advantages come from the producing
more type of product at the same time. 指同时生产更多种类的产品所带来的成本优势。 ·
Possibilities different type of product but with
some similar material and part 可能有不同类型的产品，但具有一些相似的材料和零件 |
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