Based on the changes in the inflation rate from 1936 to 1939, there are three main causes which are demand-pull, cost-push, and expansionary fiscal policy. Following is the elaboration of the three main causes of the inflation rate:
Demand-Pull Inflation
需求拉动式通胀
Strong consumer demand for a product or service can lead to demand-pull inflation. Demand-pull inflation occurs when a surge in demand for goods occurs across an economy, causing prices to rise. When unemployment is low and wages are rising, consumer confidence is high, which leads to increased spending. Absolutely, consumer spending in a given economy is directly affected by economic expansion, which can result in a surge in product and service demand.
消费者对产品或服务的强烈需求可能导致需求拉动型通货膨胀。当整个经济体对商品的需求激增，导致价格上涨时，就会出现需求拉动的通货膨胀。当失业率低且工资上涨时，消费者信心高涨，从而导致支出增加。毫无疑问，特定经济体的消费者支出直接受到经济扩张的影响，这可能导致产品和服务需求激增。
As demand for a particular good or service grows, the available supply shrinks. According to the supply and demand economic principle, when there are fewer items available, consumers are willing to pay more for them. Prices have risen as a result of demand-pull inflation.
随着对特定商品或服务的需求增长，可用供应减少。根据供求经济学原理，当可用的物品较少时，消费者愿意为它们支付更多的费用。由于需求拉动的通货膨胀，价格上涨。
Besides that, companies play a role in inflation as well, mainly if they produce popular goods. Simply because consumers are willing to pay the higher price, a company can raise its prices. Apart from this, when the item for sale is something that consumers require on a daily basis, such as oil and gas, corporations can freely raise prices. The demand from consumers, on the other hand, gives corporations the power to raise prices.
除此之外，公司也在通货膨胀中发挥作用，特别是如果他们生产受欢迎的商品。仅仅因为消费者愿意支付更高的价格，公司就可以提高价格。除此之外，当销售的物品是消费者日常需要的东西时，例如石油和天然气，公司可以自由地提高价格。另一方面，消费者的需求赋予了企业提高价格的权力。
Cost-Push Inflation
成本推动型通货膨胀
When prices rise as a result of increasing production costs, such as raw materials and wages, this is known as cost-push inflation. As production costs rise, the demand for goods remains unchanged, while the supply of goods decreases. As a result, higher finished goods prices are passed on to consumers as a result of higher production costs.
当原材料和工资等生产成本上升导致价格上涨时，这被称为成本推动型通货膨胀。随着生产成本的上升，对商品的需求保持不变，而商品的供应减少。结果，由于生产成本较高，较高的成品价格转嫁给了消费者。
In addition, wages also have an impact on production costs and are typically a company's single most significant expense. If the economy is doing well and the a low unemployment rate, labor or work shortages can occur. Companies, in turn, raise wages to attract qualified candidates, resulting in higher production costs. Cost-plus inflation occurs when a company increases prices in response to rising employee wages.
此外，工资也会影响生产成本，通常是公司最重要的一项支出。如果经济表现良好且失业率较低，则可能会出现劳动力或工作短缺的情况。反过来，公司提高工资以吸引合格的候选人，从而导致更高的生产成本。当公司提高价格以应对员工工资上涨时，就会发生成本加成通胀。
Expansionary Fiscal Policy
扩张性财政政策
Governments can increase the amount of discretionary income for both businesses and consumers by enacting expansionary fiscal policies. Companies may spend tax cuts on capital improvements, employee compensation, or new hiring if the government lowers taxes. Additionally, customers have the option of purchasing more items. Increased government spending on infrastructure projects could also help to boost the economy. As a consequence, demand for goods and services could rise, resulting in price increases.
政府可以通过制定扩张性财政政策来增加企业和消费者的可自由支配收入。如果政府降低税收，公司可能会将减税用于资本改进、员工薪酬或新招聘。此外，客户可以选择购买更多商品。增加政府对基础设施项目的支出也有助于提振经济。因此，对商品和服务的需求可能会增加，从而导致价格上涨。
Central banks can lower interest rates by pursuing an expansionary monetary policy. The Federal Reserve, for example, can reduce the cost of lending for banks, allowing them to lend more money to businesses and consumers. More money is available throughout the economy, which leads to increased spending and demand for goods and services.
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