Economics经济

Economics is the study of how to use limited resources to fulfill the unlimited wants and needs of the people. Economics is also focused on the allocation of resources, consumption, and production of the resources. It can be divided into microeconomic and macroeconomic. For example, there is a book with Rm 8 and a pencil box with Rm7, the individual only has Rm10 and only can buy one item but he chooses to buy a book with Rm8 and the opportunity cost will be the pencil box.

经济学是研究如何利用有限的资源来满足人们无限的需求。经济学还关注资源的分配、消费和资源的生产。它可以分为微观经济和宏观经济。例如，有一本 8 元的书和一个 7 元的铅笔盒，个人只有 10 元，只能购买一件物品，但他选择用 8 元购买一本书，机会成本将是铅笔盒。

Microeconomics微观经济

Microeconomics is one part of economics but it focuses more on the individual behavior and perspective on the economic decision and to study how the factors interact with the individual decision. For example, the individual wants to buy another additional product because of the promotion and lower price.

微观经济学是经济学的一部分，但它更多地关注个人行为和对经济决策的看法，并研究这些因素如何与个人决策相互作用。例如，由于促销和较低的价格，个人想要购买另一种附加产品。

Macroeconomics宏观经济

Macroeconomics is the study of the preference, behavior, and interaction of the international perspective as a whole which was more based on the overall view of the world compared with the microeconomics which was only based on a smaller group of people. For example, the interest rate, and gross domestic product are included in the macroeconomics.

宏观经济学是研究整体国际视角的偏好、行为和相互作用的研究，与仅基于一小部分人的微观经济学相比，它更多地基于世界的整体观点。例如，利率和国内生产总值都包含在宏观经济学中。

Market economy市场经济

The market economy is a type of economic system that gives more freedom to the firm to make economic decisions on resource allocation, production, and so on. For example, the firm in the market economy will have the power to make changes to the price of the goods or products in the market based on the changing in the market.

市场经济是一种经济制度，它赋予企业更多自由，以在资源配置、生产等方面做出经济决策。例如，市场经济中的企业将有权根据市场的变化对市场上商品或产品的价格做出改变。

Command economy.指令经济

A Command economy is a type of economy that has less freedom on making economic decisions because most of the decisions will be planned and made by the government. For example, what to produce, what is the price, what is the quantity to produce the product, and so on will be controlled by the government based on the country's overall perspective.

指令经济是一种经济决策自由度较低的经济类型，因为大多数决策将由政府计划和制定。例如，生产什么，价格是多少，生产的产品数量是多少等，将由政府根据国家的整体情况来控制。

The four resources used to produce goods and services will be land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.用于生产商品和服务的四种资源将是土地、劳动力、资本和企业家。

The Land can be defined as the resources that are used to create products and services to supply. Resources can also divide into renewable and non-renewable resources. For example, oil, wood, tree, farm, and so on is one of the elements in the land. Land can be influenced by the property, weather, and so on.

土地可以定义为用于创造产品和服务的资源。资源还可以分为可再生资源和不可再生资源。例如，石油、木材、树木、农场等是土地中的元素之一。土地会受到财产、天气等因素的影响。

Second, the labor, which can also be defined as the workforce, the human resources who do and operate the work. The labor can be divided into many types but usually have two common divides which are high-education and low-education labor. For example, high education labor will have more specific skills in the field such as accounting, and programming. However, the low-education forces are more to the common knowledge and physical work.

其次是劳动力，也可以定义为劳动力，即从事和操作工作的人力资源。劳动力可以分为多种类型，但通常有两个共同的分界线，即高学历劳动力和低学历劳动力。例如，受过高等教育的劳动力将在会计、编程等领域拥有更具体的技能。然而，受教育程度低的力量更多地是为了常识和物理工作。

Third, the capital can divide into cash and assets. The equipment, machinery, and interest are also included in the capital. Some of the business fields require higher capital to start and enter but some of them do. For example, the monopoly business needs to have higher capital to enter, but the perfect competition usually does not, such as hawkers.

第三，资本可以分为现金和资产。设备、机器、利息也包括在资本中。一些业务领域需要更高的资金才能启动和进入，但有些则不需要。比如垄断企业需要有更高的资本才能进入，而完全竞争的企业通常不需要，比如小贩。

The fourth will be the entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are the person who integrates the other three-factor, capital, land, and labor, and use them to produce the product or services. The entrepreneur earns a profit and takes higher risks than the worker. Entrepreneurs can be influenced by many factors such as the type of competition, type of product, and so on.

第四个是企业家。企业家是综合资本、土地和劳动力这三个因素并利用它们生产产品或服务的人。企业家赚取利润并承担比工人更高的风险。创业者会受到很多因素的影响，比如竞争的类型、产品的类型等等。

The measure in the transportation will be the cost, labor, energy, equipment, transit time, and transit length. When a logistics company wants to send goods to another destination. They will first think about what equipment to use, such as a train, lorry, van, plane and so on. Based on the transportation equipment chosen, the need for labor and energy to make sure the goods are sent to the destination is also different. For example, if the train was used to send the goods, there will need more labor to control the transportation equipment, and the energy here is coal or electric based on the type of train. Other than that, the transit time and length is also essential element. When the length is long and goods are more, mostly the place and train will be used if possible, as this will also affect the transit time because the plane and train are faster than the lorry. For the cost, the total expenses of the asset, fuel, and labor will be the cost.

运输中的衡量标准是成本、劳动力、能源、设备、运输时间和运输长度。当物流公司想将货物发送到另一个目的地时。他们会首先考虑使用什么设备，比如火车、货车、面包车、飞机等等。根据选择的运输设备，确保货物到达目的地所需的劳动力和精力也不同。例如，如果用火车来运送货物，则需要更多的劳动力来控制运输设备，而这里的能源根据火车的类型是煤炭还是电力。除此之外，运输时间和长度也是必不可少的要素。当长度较长，货物较多时，尽可能使用地方和火车，因为这也会影响中转时间，因为飞机和火车比卡车快。对于成本，资产、燃料和劳动力的总费用将是成本。

Moreover, the warehousing will be measured by using the labor, cost, utilization, and facility. A warehouse is a place that integrates and hoards the goods, which means it needs the worker to manage and take care of a lot of the goods to make sure the goods are in good condition. To do this, some of the special goods need to be stored at specific requirements places such as the bag of ice cubes will be needed to store in the ice store to make sure ice won’t melt before sending to the hand of the customer. However, to maintain the warehouse, the utilization is needed such as the water, and electricity. The total expenses of the labor and utilization fee will also be the cost to manage the warehouse.

此外，仓储将通过使用劳动力、成本、利用率和设施来衡量。仓库是一个整合和囤积货物的地方，这意味着它需要工人管理和照顾大量的货物，以确保货物完好无损。为此，一些特殊商品需要存放在特定要求的地方，例如需要将一袋冰块存放在冰库中，以确保冰在发送到客户手中之前不会融化。但是，为了维护仓库，需要水和电等利用率。人工和使用费的总费用也将是管理仓库的成本。

Last will be the measure of inventory management. It will be the cost, services, and information. The cost is one of the most important elements in inventory management which will influence the profit and income of the company, especially the inventory holding cost is one of the most common and biggest costs in inventory management. The lesser cost the better.  Information here is how the data is collected from the management of the inventory input and output. For example, through the sales, the company may find the inventory turnover rate, also when was the best suitable time and rate to restock the inventory. Other than this example, there will also have average inventory, day-to-day sales, and so on.

最后是库存管理的措施。它将是成本、服务和信息。成本是库存管理中最重要的要素之一，将影响公司的利润和收入，尤其是库存持有成本是库存管理中最常见、最大的成本之一。成本越低越好。这里的信息是如何从库存输入和输出的管理中收集数据。例如，通过销售，公司可以找到库存周转率，以及何时是最适合补充库存的时间和速度。除了这个例子之外，还会有平均库存、日常销售额等。

 

The industry's master plan 3 in Malaysia is actually to increase the competitiveness in the global perspective, in terms of trading, financial power, technology advancement, position and etc. This is because that Malaysia as a multicultural country which is over a hundred years of history, actually has more potential to be dug out and space to improve, and one of the purposes of this industrial master plan 3 is to get the effective use of these industrial potentials in Malaysia.

马来西亚的产业总体规划3实际上是在贸易、金融实力、技术进步、地位等方面提高全球竞争力。这是因为马来西亚作为一个拥有百年历史的多元文化国家，其实还有更多的潜力有待挖掘和提升的空间，而这个工业总体规划3的目的之一就是让马来西亚的这些工业潜力得到有效利用。

There are many strategies that have been implemented in these industrial master plans 3. One of them will be to generate and attract more investment. To develop the country, one of the most important resources will be the capital. However, sometimes it would be hard to fully handle by the government individually so that the investment is needed to implement the development.

在这些工业总体规划中实施了许多战略 3。其中之一将是产生和吸引更多投资。要发展国家，最重要的资源之一将是首都。然而，有时政府很难单独完全处理，因此需要投资来实施开发。

The second strategy is to develop our own human capital and resources.  Malaysia as a new country has a lot of resources, but Malaysia is lacking its own superior, elite labor. So, it will be a high dependency on foreign labor, and this was actually not very good for the Malaysian economy. To solve this problem, the government has tried to develop its own human capital by enhancing the education system, etc.

第二个策略是发展我们自己的人力资本和资源。马来西亚作为一个新兴国家，拥有大量资源，但马来西亚却缺乏自己的优秀精英劳动力。因此，它将高度依赖外国劳动力，这实际上对马来西亚经济不是很好。为了解决这个问题，政府试图通过加强教育体系等方式来发展自己的人力资本。

Third, the first and second industrial master plan has created a good fundamental for industrial growth. The third industrial master plan is starting to try to ensure the growth of the industry becomes more sustainable, and not be easily broken down and so on. This is to ensure the production and income that come from industrial will not be simply cut down by some challenge and bring a sustainable income to the country.

第三，一、二产业总体规划为工业增长创造了良好的基础。第三个产业总体规划正在开始尝试确保产业的增长变得更加可持续，并且不容易被打破等等。这是为了确保来自工业的生产和收入不会被一些挑战简单地削减，并为国家带来可持续的收入。

Fourth, Malaysia's industry has been growing to a certain level and produces a lot of products and materials. Then, we need another platform for the consumption of those products which is the service sector. In Industrial plan 3, they are trying to focus enhancement on the service sector as the major source of growth.

第四，马来西亚的工业已经发展到一定程度，生产了大量的产品和材料。然后，我们需要另一个平台来消费这些产品，那就是服务业。在工业计划 3 中，他们正试图将增强服务业作为主要增长来源。

Fifth, the industrial master plan is trying to integrate the companies in Malaysia. At that time, the companies are appearing like the rain falling, which is a lot. However, there will be just fewer of them that could be successful and most of them will fall down. So that, to ensure the growth can be more smooth with some competitiveness, the integration of companies is a must to increase the survival rate and make the resources consume more effective and efficient.

第五，产业总体规划正在尝试整合马来西亚的公司。那个时候，企业如雨后春笋般涌现，数量不少。但是，能够成功的会越来越少，而且大多数会倒下。这样，为了保证增长更顺畅，有一定的竞争力，企业的整合是必须的，以提高生存率，使资源消耗更有效和更有效率。

Dead inventory was the inventory that was unable to sell effectively and efficiently and caused the accumulated inventory which will increase the holding or carrying cost in inventory management.

死库存是指无法有效、高效地销售，造成库存积压，增加库存管理中持有或持有成本的库存。

Dead inventory was caused by some reason or factors such as the sudden change of trend causing low demand of products or services, defective products, natural disasters that change purchasing behavior, and so on

死库存是由于某些原因或因素造成的，例如趋势的突然变化导致产品或服务的需求低，有缺陷的产品，改变购买行为的自然灾害等

Usually, there are a few ways to manage it. First, companies can offer free shipping of the product to make the product look cheaper. This shall be able to increase the attraction of the product to the customer to increase sales. Other than that, the company could also create the bundle product or use it as a free gift. This way can increase the sales of another product while decreasing the dead inventory. For example, the metal straw was lacking in demand and became dead inventory, so the company can promote buying two packs of milo and free a few metal straws. Other than that, companies can also donate the dead inventory to do some charity to fulfill the social responsibility to shape a better image. And it was the last step, to return the dead inventory to the supplier. However, not all suppliers will accept the return as well; it will affect their business inventory also.

通常，有几种方法可以管理它。首先，公司可以提供产品的免费送货服务，使产品看起来更便宜。这应该能够增加产品对客户的吸引力，从而增加销售额。除此之外，该公司还可以创建捆绑产品或将其用作免费礼物。这种方式可以增加另一种产品的销量，同时减少死库存。比如金属吸管供不应求，变成死库存，公司可以提倡买两包milo，免费送几根金属吸管。除此之外，企业还可以捐赠死库存做一些慈善活动，履行社会责任，塑造更好的形象。这是最后一步，将死库存退还给供应商。然而，并非所有供应商都会接受退货；这也会影响他们的业务库存。

 

P.s.Answer is only for referring, please do not claim as own result

1. Describe the function of the Federal Reserve.

The first function of the federal reserve will be to manage the supply of the currency. By controlling the supply of currency, it could also maintain the value of the currency and maintain financial stability. Moreover, the federal reserve is actually ack as the government fiscal agent, helping to conduct the monetary policy, managing other member banks, setting and adjusting the legal requirement of reserve amount in every member bank, collecting and clearing the check, and so on.

美联储的第一个职能是管理货币供应。 通过控制货币供应量，还可以保持货币的价值，维护金融稳定。 此外，美联储实际上是政府财政代理人，帮助执行货币政策，管理其他成员银行，设置和调整每个成员银行的法定准备金要求，收取和清算支票等。

2. Explain how the Federal successfully responded to the collapse of major financial institutions in 2008.

The financial institution in 2008 brought a financial crisis to the whole world. It has caused a drop in the value of the stock price and caused a huge loss for the institution that holds the securities. Even more, our government has been forced to take control over those companies to show their determination to deal with this financial crisis such as the Fannie Mae cooperative.  As a response, the federal government has encouraged the people to invest more, and consume more. To achieve this, the federal government has the main focus on increasing the confidence of the securities holder and reducing the losses of those securities holders as well. Federals also try to reduce the tax and increase government expenditure to stimulate the economy, market, and employment.

2008年的金融机构给全世界带来了金融危机。 它造成了股价的下跌，并给持有证券的机构造成了巨大的损失。 更有什者，我们的政府被迫接管这些公司，以显示他们应对这场金融危机的决心，比如房利美合作社。 作为回应，联邦政府鼓励人们增加投资，增加消费。 为实现这一目标，联邦政府的主要重点是提高证券持有人的信心并减少这些证券持有人的损失。 联邦政府还试图通过减税和增加政府支出来刺激经济、市场和就业。

3. Based on your perception, bitcoin is real money.

In my opinion, money works as a medium of exchange and a tool to measure value. If other tools could do this, I could also say it is also some type of money. Bitcoin has value, even though it was always fluctuating and is unstable, bitcoin could measure its value so that some people are willing to sell products or buy products using bitcoin. However, the value measures of bitcoin are not as perfect and complete as the fiat money system. It means that bitcoin is high in risk, and poor stores of value, yet it could exchange for the product, even exchange into “real money”.

在我看来，金钱是一种交换媒介和衡量价值的工具。 如果其他工具可以做到这一点，我也可以说它也是某种类型的钱。 比特币是有价值的，尽管它总是在波动并且不稳定，但比特币可以衡量它的价值，以便一些人愿意使用比特币出售产品或购买产品。 然而，比特币的价值衡量指标并不像法定货币体系那样完善和完整。 这意味着比特币风险高，价值储存能力差，但它可以兑换产品，甚至可以兑换成“真钱”。

Before the flat money system appeared and was used, people also used the barter system, commodity, or gold as a type of money. However, those “money” in different systems also have a different form and look, but it does not influence what they are using as a medium of exchange. So in my conclusion, bitcoin could be money, but just a different form of “money” compared to the fiat money system.

 

在扁平货币制度出现和使用之前，人们也将易货制度、商品或黄金作为一种货币。 但是，不同系统中的那些“钱”也有不同的形式和外观，但这并不影响它们作为交换媒介的用途。 因此，在我的结论中，比特币可能是货币，但与固定货币系统相比，它只是一种不同形式的“货币”。 

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Communicate the benchmarks and objectives
传达基准和目标

The first importance of the business plan should be to communicate the benchmarks and objectives to others. Usually, a big company will have hundreds seven thousand of employees working together. In this situation, communication becomes complex and hard. So that the business plan is able to become a tool of communication to ensure the instruction can be transferred accurately and correctly because everyone reads the same business plan but does not listen to different perspectives.

商业计划的首要任务应该是将基准和目标传达给其他人。 通常，一家大公司会有数十万七千名员工一起工作。 在这种情况下，沟通变得复杂而艰难。 使商业计划书能够成为一种沟通工具，确保指令能够准确无误地传递，因为每个人都阅读相同的商业计划书，但不会听取不同的观点。

Identify the critical
确定关键

The second importance of the business plan will be to identify the critical. A business plan is always connected with many of the different departments and elements which is actually complex. So that the business plan should be able to provide an overall view of the plan to help the decision-maker to find out the problem easier. Having or not a business plan is different just like you watch the landscape on the floor or on the tower, only can see in front or can see more than that.

商业计划的第二个重要性将是确定关键。商业计划总是与许多实际上很复杂的不同部门和元素相关联。这样商业计划书应该能够提供计划的整体视图，以帮助决策者更容易地发现问题。有与没有商业计划是不同的，就像你在地板上或塔上看风景一样，只能看到前面或可以看到更多。

Provide guidelines 
提供指引

Another importance of the business plan is to provide guidelines for the decision-maker. Inside a business plan will have a lot of information such as the demand and supply which should be able to help decision-makers to decide how much should be produced and the price to be set for the product. It will be totally more effective and accurate to make decisions compared with making decisions whatever they want.

商业计划的另一个重要性是为决策者提供指导。商业计划中会有很多信息，例如需求和供应，这些信息应该能够帮助决策者决定应该生产多少以及为产品设定的价格。与随心所欲地做出决定相比，做出决定将更加有效和准确。

Ensure financial sustainability
确保财务可持续性

Fourth, the business plan is important to ensure financial sustainability. The business plan can show up the relationship between the financial and every activity. This shall be able to decrease the big fluctuations in the financial and avoid some unnecessary loss to the company financially. 

第四，商业计划对于确保财务可持续性很重要。商业计划书可以显示财务与每项活动之间的关系。这样可以减少财务上的较大波动，避免给公司造成一些不必要的财务损失。

Comprehensive understanding of the whole plan
全面了解整个计划

Fifth, the business plan is important to increase and improve the understanding of the plan to every concerned person. As already mentioned, the business plan allows people to have an overall view of the plan which means that people could understand the plan from different perspectives but not only their own perspective. For example, the financial department is also able to understand the marketing department's strategy so that it is easier to allocate financial resources. Lastly, the business plan is actually also to improve the cooperation between employees and make them work more efficiently and effectively.

第五，商业计划对于增加和提高每个相关人员对计划的理解很重要。如前所述，商业计划让人们对计划有一个整体的看法，这意味着人们可以从不同的角度理解计划，而不仅仅是他们自己的观点。例如，财务部门也可以了解营销部门的策略，从而更容易分配财务资源。最后，商业计划实际上也是为了改善员工之间的合作，让他们更高效、更有效地工作。

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The first stage will be the strategy formulation. It was to identify the opportunities, threats, strengths,s, and weaknesses of the organization to understand the organization's situation as the fundamental to further generate and form the best arrangement of the resources and strategies to achieve the target. For example, guerilla marketing strategies are suitable for a company that wants to reduce marketing costs or has a low marketing budget. In this stage, it would relate to business opportunities identified, risk and return measurement, allocation of resources, etc.

第一阶段将是战略制定。它是识别组织的机会、威胁、优势和劣势，以了解组织的情况，作为进一步产生和形成实现目标的资源和战略的最佳安排的基础。例如，游击营销策略适用于希望降低营销成本或营销预算较低的公司。在这个阶段，它与识别的商业机会、风险和回报的衡量、资源的分配等有关。

The second stage will be the strategy implementation. In these stages, the plan and concept will be brought into real situations. the organization will perform all the arranged business activities according to the strategic plan. However, sometimes the plan can’t perfectly keep up with the situation changing, so the strategy implementation may face many unexpected obstacles. Usually, it could also be divided into business-level strategies or operational strategies.  Also, strategy implementation would be the hardest of these 3 stages. In these stages, strategy and information communication would be the critical element.

第二阶段是战略实施。在这些阶段，计划和概念将被带入实际情况。组织将根据战略计划执行所有安排的业务活动。然而，有时计划并不能完美地跟上形势的变化，因此战略实施可能会面临许多意想不到的障碍。通常，它也可以分为业务级策略或运营策略。此外，战略实施将是这三个阶段中最难的。在这些阶段，战略和信息交流将是关键要素。

The third stage will be the strategy evaluation. After the implementation of the strategy, the evaluation would be needed to reflect the performance and effectiveness of the strategic plan implementation through the continually gathering and observing of the data and information. The result of the evaluation of the strategy would be useful for the further decision on the strategic plan such as the adaptation of the strategy or elimination of the strategic plan. It could be done through the survey, consumer reviews, sales, etc.

第三阶段是战略评估。战略实施后，需要通过不断收集和观察数据和信息来评估战略计划实施的绩效和有效性。战略评估的结果将有助于战略计划的进一步决策，例如调整战略或取消战略计划。它可以通过调查，消费者评论，销售等来完成。

Based on the changes in the inflation rate from 1936 to 1939, there are three main causes which are demand-pull, cost-push, and expansionary fiscal policy. Following is the elaboration of the three main causes of the inflation rate:

Demand-Pull Inflation 
需求拉动式通胀

Strong consumer demand for a product or service can lead to demand-pull inflation. Demand-pull inflation occurs when a surge in demand for goods occurs across an economy, causing prices to rise. When unemployment is low and wages are rising, consumer confidence is high, which leads to increased spending. Absolutely, consumer spending in a given economy is directly affected by economic expansion, which can result in a surge in product and service demand.

消费者对产品或服务的强烈需求可能导致需求拉动型通货膨胀。当整个经济体对商品的需求激增，导致价格上涨时，就会出现需求拉动的通货膨胀。当失业率低且工资上涨时，消费者信心高涨，从而导致支出增加。毫无疑问，特定经济体的消费者支出直接受到经济扩张的影响，这可能导致产品和服务需求激增。

As demand for a particular good or service grows, the available supply shrinks. According to the supply and demand economic principle, when there are fewer items available, consumers are willing to pay more for them. Prices have risen as a result of demand-pull inflation.

随着对特定商品或服务的需求增长，可用供应减少。根据供求经济学原理，当可用的物品较少时，消费者愿意为它们支付更多的费用。由于需求拉动的通货膨胀，价格上涨。

Besides that, companies play a role in inflation as well, mainly if they produce popular goods. Simply because consumers are willing to pay the higher price, a company can raise its prices. Apart from this, when the item for sale is something that consumers require on a daily basis, such as oil and gas, corporations can freely raise prices. The demand from consumers, on the other hand, gives corporations the power to raise prices.

除此之外，公司也在通货膨胀中发挥作用，特别是如果他们生产受欢迎的商品。仅仅因为消费者愿意支付更高的价格，公司就可以提高价格。除此之外，当销售的物品是消费者日常需要的东西时，例如石油和天然气，公司可以自由地提高价格。另一方面，消费者的需求赋予了企业提高价格的权力。

Cost-Push Inflation
成本推动型通货膨胀

When prices rise as a result of increasing production costs, such as raw materials and wages, this is known as cost-push inflation. As production costs rise, the demand for goods remains unchanged, while the supply of goods decreases. As a result, higher finished goods prices are passed on to consumers as a result of higher production costs.

当原材料和工资等生产成本上升导致价格上涨时，这被称为成本推动型通货膨胀。随着生产成本的上升，对商品的需求保持不变，而商品的供应减少。结果，由于生产成本较高，较高的成品价格转嫁给了消费者。

In addition, wages also have an impact on production costs and are typically a company's single most significant expense. If the economy is doing well and the a low unemployment rate, labor or work shortages can occur. Companies, in turn, raise wages to attract qualified candidates, resulting in higher production costs. Cost-plus inflation occurs when a company increases prices in response to rising employee wages.

此外，工资也会影响生产成本，通常是公司最重要的一项支出。如果经济表现良好且失业率较低，则可能会出现劳动力或工作短缺的情况。反过来，公司提高工资以吸引合格的候选人，从而导致更高的生产成本。当公司提高价格以应对员工工资上涨时，就会发生成本加成通胀。

  

Expansionary Fiscal Policy
 扩张性财政政策

Governments can increase the amount of discretionary income for both businesses and consumers by enacting expansionary fiscal policies. Companies may spend tax cuts on capital improvements, employee compensation, or new hiring if the government lowers taxes. Additionally, customers have the option of purchasing more items. Increased government spending on infrastructure projects could also help to boost the economy. As a consequence, demand for goods and services could rise, resulting in price increases.

政府可以通过制定扩张性财政政策来增加企业和消费者的可自由支配收入。如果政府降低税收，公司可能会将减税用于资本改进、员工薪酬或新招聘。此外，客户可以选择购买更多商品。增加政府对基础设施项目的支出也有助于提振经济。因此，对商品和服务的需求可能会增加，从而导致价格上涨。

Central banks can lower interest rates by pursuing an expansionary monetary policy. The Federal Reserve, for example, can reduce the cost of lending for banks, allowing them to lend more money to businesses and consumers. More money is available throughout the economy, which leads to increased spending and demand for goods and services.

中央银行可以通过推行扩张性货币政策来降低利率。例如，美联储可以降低银行的贷款成本，使它们能够向企业和消费者提供更多的贷款。整个经济中都有更多的钱可用，这导致对商品和服务的支出和需求增加。

To increase the GDP, the Malaysian government should first stabilize and improve the economic situation and recover it after the impact of the Covid-19. This is because the stable economic situation could attract more investment, more enterprises to start a new business, and obtain the trust from them in Malaysia's economic situation.

为了增加国内生产总值，马来西亚政府应首先稳定和改善经济状况，并在 Covid-19 的影响后恢复。这是因为稳定的经济形势可以吸引更多的投资，更多的企业开展新业务，并获得他们对马来西亚经济形势的信任。

After that, the Malaysian government could have decreased the tax. Usually, the bigger company will need to pay higher taxes, which is normal. However, if the government could decrease the tax on the company and personnel, it may probably encourage more people to work more or build their own businesses to produce goods and services.

在那之后，马来西亚政府本可以减少税收。通常，较大的公司将需要支付更高的税款，这是正常的。但是，如果政府可以减少对公司和人员的税收，它可能会鼓励更多的人更多地工作或建立自己的企业来生产商品和服务。

Third, the government could set up suitable policies which have more relaxation and safety to protect all the involved parties. For example,  the right to access resources and knowledge, Shorten the application review process, and so on. This could be helpful for those who are new to business operations and attract more enterprise.

第三，政府可以制定适当的政策，更加宽松和安全，以保护所有相关方。例如，获取资源和知识的权利、缩短申请审核流程等。这可能对那些不熟悉业务运营并吸引更多企业的人有所帮助。

Fourth, improve and hold the first sector of the economy, especially the plantation such as the palm tree, durian, and so on. The first sector is one of the most fundamental and stable products for trading and provides income for the Malaysian economy. After having enough income the Malaysian could use that income to build more facilities.

四是抓好第一产业，特别是棕榈树、榴莲等种植园。第一个部门是最基本和最稳定的交易产品之一，为马来西亚经济提供收入。在获得足够的收入后，马来西亚人可以利用这些收入来建造更多的设施。

Fifth, the government should provide more support to the business and enterprises such as the money supply.  A suitable amount of money supply could have few benefits for the country's GDP. For example, a higher money supply decreases the business starting cost, and production cost and helps the SME to decrease the cost and help them to develop too.

五是加大货币供给等企业和企业的支持力度。适量的货币供应对一国GDP几乎没有好处。例如，较高的货币供应量会降低业务启动成本和生产成本，并有助于中小企业降低成本并帮助他们发展

One of the causes that lead to unemployment will be economic trends. Sometimes, when the trends have come, there will be a lot of new enterprises or people will start to open new businesses. However, if the trends pass, the demand for those products will start to fall and cause a lot of people to lose their jobs. This situation will be significant, especially in the industrial sector. This is because the industry sector uses more temporary contract workers to fit with the sudden increase in demand. While the trends are gone, demand goes down, and industries will fire and terminate most of the contract workers too.

导致失业的原因之一将是经济趋势。有时，当趋势来临时，会有很多新的企业或人们开始开辟新的业务。但是，如果趋势过去，对这些产品的需求将开始下降，并导致很多人失业。这种情况将很严重，尤其是在工业领域。这是因为该行业使用更多的临时合同工来适应需求的突然增加。虽然趋势消失了，需求下降，但行业也将解雇并解雇大部分合同工。

Even more, if there was economic depression, most the companies will start to fire unimportant employees to decrease the cost of human resources, even sometimes fire the employee who has a high salary just because of experience and hires new employees to save the cost. At this time, it would increase the unemployment rate too.

更有什者，如果经济不景气，大部分公司会开始解雇不重要的员工以降低人力资源成本，甚至有时会因为经验而解雇高薪员工并聘请新员工以节省成本。这个时候，失业率也会上升。

Other than that, the impact of technology is also one of the reasons. While new technology has been found, the economy will start to grow. But however, if the technology is about automation which is able to increase production for the economy, it will also cause a lot of unemployment rate too because machines have taken over people's jobs.

除此之外，技术的影响也是原因之一。虽然发现了新技术，但经济将开始增长。但是，如果这项技术是关于自动化的，它能够为经济增加产量，但它也会导致大量的失业率，因为机器已经取代了人们的工作。

Frictional unemployment.

The first type of unemployment would be frictional unemployment. It was a type of unemployment caused by the allocation of resources. Within the company adjustment, some employees will be needed to transfer to another position. However, sometimes the transfer job was not the employee’s preferred job. Simply say, frictional unemployment was referring to the time consumption by the worker wanting to get a preferred job.

第一种失业是摩擦性失业。这是一种由资源配置引起的失业。在公司调整期间，部分员工将需要调动到另一个岗位。然而，有时调动工作并不是员工的首选工作。简单地说，摩擦性失业是指工人想要获得一份喜欢的工作所消耗的时间。

Real wages unemployment

Another type would be real wages unemployment. It was caused by high wages and salaries. Some companies offer higher wages to attract more people to work. However, this will cause more people to only want to have a high salary job, but not every company could provide a high salary. The gap between these two elements causes unemployment.

另一种类型是实际工资失业。这是由于高工资和薪水造成的。一些公司提供更高的工资以吸引更多人工作。但是，这会导致更多的人只想有一份高薪的工作，而不是每个公司都能提供高薪。这两个要素之间的差距导致失业。

Hidden unemployment

The third type of unemployment will be hidden unemployment. This type of unemployment looks like still employment on the surface, but it actually unemployment. Some companies use to conduct hidden unemployment for their employees by reducing workload, working hours, salary, cutting benefits, and only approving unpaid leave to force their employees to leave by themself to avoid the penalty for contract or law.

第三种失业是隐性失业。这种失业，表面上看还是就业，实则失业。一些企业通过减少工作量、减少工作时间、降低工资、削减福利、只批准无薪假等方式为员工进行隐性失业，迫使员工自行离职，以避免受到合同或法律的处罚。

Employment refers to the rate of people getting a job and the working rate. Usually, a higher employment rate means an increase in the tax, government income, higher development, and higher-level standard of living, which is the higher the better. However, if there was full employment, and zero percent unemployment, it actually is not good. This is because zero percent unemployment means the labor supply of the country and could not follow up with the development of the country which means a lack of human resources. This situation may possibly limit the development of the country because there was no extra labor for the developed area and also the enterprise. For example, there is no more unemployed labor who want to work as an accountant, work as teachers, and others. Not only does it become a limitation of development, full employment, and zero unemployment also means the problem of the education system in the country. This is because the education function is to train and produce human resources for the country's use, however, now the education system could not do this job well. 

就业率是指人们找到工作的比率和工作率。通常，更高的就业率意味着税收、政府收入的增加、更高的发展和更高的生活水平，越高越好。但是，如果有充分就业，失业率为零，那实际上是不好的。这是因为零失业率意味着国家的劳动力供应，无法跟上国家的发展，意味着缺乏人力资源。这种情况可能会限制国家的发展，因为发达地区和企业都没有额外的劳动力。例如，没有更多的失业工人想从事会计、教师等工作。不仅成为发展的限制，充分就业、零失业率也意味着该国教育体系的问题。这是因为教育的职能是培养和生产供国家使用的人力资源，而现在的教育系统并不能很好地完成这项工作。

Even more, full employment means that the competition between employees and the company will start to grow harder and harder. This may lead to an economic boom and faster development, but it should also come with higher risk and instability, unsustainable because of the competition inside the business circle, probably the small enterprise is much harder to live. More than that, full employment cause labor shortages, and human resources will because rare resources, and it will totally increase the labor cost such as the salary, wages and etc.

更甚者，充分就业意味着员工与公司之间的竞争将开始愈演愈烈。这可能会带来经济的繁荣和更快的发展，但也应该伴随着更高的风险和不稳定性，因为商业圈内的竞争而难以为继，小企业可能更难生存。不仅如此，充分就业导致劳动力短缺，而人力资源将作为一种稀缺资源，将全面增加工资、工资等劳动力成本。

 

The first most common and biggest contribution to Malaysia will be to utilize natural resources. For a country, if there is no industrial or manufacturing to help to change those resources to useful products, it will be some kind of waste. So that the industries could provide support to process the resources to become better products.

对马来西亚的第一个最常见和最大的贡献将是利用自然资源。对于一个国家来说，如果没有工业或制造业来帮助将这些资源转化为有用的产品，那将是某种浪费。使行业可以提供支持，将资源加工成更好的产品。

Secondly, while the resources are after the industrial processing, it will be a type of value-added process. It means that the low-value raw materials and resources could increase the value to be sold which is more profitable than just raw. At the same time, it will also increase the national income indirectly too.

其次，资源经过工业加工后，将是一种增值过程。这意味着低价值的原材料和资源可以增加出售的价值，这比原材料更有利可图。同时，也会间接增加国民收入。

Third, the industries usually will require a massive amount of employees and labor such as the operator in the factory. It means that the industry is actually created and provides a lot of career opportunities for the local people to increase their income and bring influence to people’s quality of life too.

第三，这些行业通常需要大量的员工和劳动力，例如工厂的操作员。这意味着该行业实际上是创造出来的，并为当地人民提供了大量的就业机会，以增加他们的收入，也给人们的生活质量带来影响。

Fourth, the industry has also transformed Malaysia from the national consumer to become the national manufacturer. Industrial help Malaysia to get used to all the available resources to produce its own product so that it will help Malaysia to become less dependent on other countries' products, but own produce for its own use. In other words, industrial helped to decrease Malaysia's imports and increase exports.

第四，该行业也将马来西亚从国民消费转变为国民制造商。工业帮助马来西亚适应所有可用资源来生产自己的产品，从而帮助马来西亚减少对其他国家产品的依赖，而是拥有自己的产品供自己使用。换句话说，工业有助于减少马来西亚的进口并增加出口。

Fifth, another most common contribution of the industry will be to supply the goods and fulfill the people’s needs.  Industrial is the first sector to access the resources that are responsible to transform the raw materials to become useful items and provide them to small and medium enterprises, sellers, markets, and so on to sell to the consumer in Malaysia. If without industry, there will be no demanded supply for the people's daily usage.

第五，行业的另一个最共同的贡献将是供应商品并满足人们的需求。工业是第一个获得资源的部门，负责将原材料转化为有用的物品，并将其提供给中小型企业、卖家、市场等，然后出售给马来西亚的消费者。如果没有工业，人们的日常使用就没有需求供应。

The first competitive priorities are the costs. Cost always has higher priorities compared with other competitive advantages.  Cost may include the production cost, procurement cost, transportation cost, and so on. This will totally influence the sales price of the product. while the company can highly decrease the cost of the product, it may be helpful to increase the company's revenues. For example, the company's production cost has decreased from RM 2 to RM 1 per product, but it sells RM5 per product which means that the profit increases from RM3 to RM4.

首先竞争的重点是成本。与其他竞争优势相比，成本始终具有更高的优先级。成本可能包括生产成本、采购成本、运输成本等。这将完全影响产品的销售价格。虽然公司可以大大降低产品成本，但可能有助于增加公司的收入。例如，公司的生产成本从每件产品 RM 2 降低到 RM 1，但每件产品销售 RM5，这意味着利润从 RM3 增加到 RM4。

The second competitive priority will be the capacity. Capacity is about how much production can be handled by the business in a certain time. This will influence the opportunity of the business too. For example,  in the period of covid-19, there will be much demand for the mask, however, there is not enough capacity to handle the demand for the product. This was actually some kind of loss to the business. 

第二个竞争重点将是产能。产能是指企业在一定时间内可以处理多少生产。这也会影响企业的机会。例如，在covid-19期间，对口罩的需求会很大，但是，没有足够的能力来处理对产品的需求。这实际上是对业务的某种损失。

The third competitive priority can be a lead time. Lead time refers to the time that started the process to the end of the order. The shorter lead time usually gives more happiness and satisfaction to the customer. Reversely, a longer lead time will decrease customer satisfaction. For example, the customer wants to order online a product, but one of the sending times is in 3 days, another will be 2 weeks, so the customer will be more likely to choose that product within 3 days.

第三个竞争优先级可以是交货时间。提前期是指从流程开始到订单结束的时间。较短的交货时间通常会给客户带来更多的快乐和满足感。相反，较长的交货时间会降低客户满意度。例如，客户想在线订购一个产品，但其中一个发送时间是 3 天，另一个是 2 周，因此客户更有可能在 3 天内选择该产品。

The fourth will be the quality of the product or service. Quality is always an order winner and qualifies for the product. The higher quality product will be preferred by the customer. However, usually, the higher quality will have a higher price and cost. However, it will always have some defects, that is also why the company will give a warranty to most of the products, especially luxury products. The quality of the product is also related to the complexity of the flow of the supply chain.

第四是产品或服务的质量。质量始终是订单赢家，符合产品要求。更高质量的产品将受到客户的青睐。但是，通常质量越高，价格和成本就越高。但是，它总会有一些缺陷，这也是为什么公司会对大多数产品，尤其是奢侈品提供保修。产品的质量还与供应链流程的复杂程度有关。

The fifth will be the flexibility of the product. Usually, they are different people with different preferences. It means that the company's design of the product could not fulfill some other people's too. In this situation, if the company can be flexible to adapt the product to satisfy customers, they will have a bigger advantage to grab the market share and sales opportunity. For example, a company is flexible enough to produce the mask with a better air circulation system to reduce the stuffiness of the user.

五是产品的灵活性。通常，他们是不同的人，有着不同的偏好。这意味着该公司的产品设计也无法满足其他人的设计。在这种情况下，如果公司能够灵活地调整产品以满足客户的需求，他们将有更大的优势来抢占市场份额和销售机会。例如，一家公司足够灵活，可以生产具有更好空气循环系统的口罩，以减少用户的闷热感。